mpirun(1) man page (version 1.4.5)

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Name

Note: mpirun, mpiexec, and orterun are all synonyms for each other. Using any of the names will produce the same behavior.

Synopsis

Single Process Multiple Data (SPMD) Model:

mpirun [ options ] <program> [ <args> ]

Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) Model:

mpirun [ global_options ] [ local_options1 ]
<program1> [ <args1> ] : [ local_options2 ]
<program2> [ <args2> ] : ... :
[ local_optionsN ]
<programN> [ <argsN> ]

Note that in both models, invoking mpirun via an absolute path name is equivalent to specifying the --prefix option with a <dir> value equivalent to the directory where mpirun resides, minus its last subdirectory. For example:

% /usr/local/bin/mpirun ...

is equivalent to

% mpirun --prefix /usr/local

Quick Summary

% mpirun [ -np X ] [ --hostfile <filename> ] <program>

This will run X copies of <program> in your current run-time environment (if running under a supported resource manager, Open MPI’s mpirun will usually automatically use the corresponding resource manager process starter, as opposed to, for example, rsh or ssh, which require the use of a hostfile, or will default to running all X copies on the localhost), scheduling (by default) in a round-robin fashion by CPU slot. See the rest of this page for more details.

Options

<program>

The program executable. This is identified as the first non-recognized argument to mpirun.

<args>

Pass these run-time arguments to every new process. These must always be the last arguments to mpirun. If an app context file is used, <args> will be ignored.

-h, --help

Display help for this command

-q, --quiet

Suppress informative messages from orterun during application execution.

-v, --verbose

Be verbose

-V, --version

Print version number. If no other arguments are given, this will also cause orterun to exit.

To specify which hosts (nodes) of the cluster to run on:

-H, -host, --host <host1,host2,...,hostN>

List of hosts on which to invoke processes.

-hostfile, --hostfile <hostfile>

Provide a hostfile to use.

-machinefile, --machinefile <machinefile>

Synonym for -hostfile.

To specify the number of processes to launch:

-c, -n, --n, -np <#>

Run this many copies of the program on the given nodes. This option indicates that the specified file is an executable program and not an application context. If no value is provided for the number of copies to execute (i.e., neither the "-np" nor its synonyms are provided on the command line), Open MPI will automatically execute a copy of the program on each process slot (see below for description of a "process slot"). This feature, however, can only be used in the SPMD model and will return an error (without beginning execution of the application) otherwise.

-npersocket, --npersocket <#persocket>

On each node, launch this many processes times the number of processor sockets on the node. The -npersocket option also turns on the -bind-to-socket option.

-npernode, --npernode <#pernode>

On each node, launch this many processes.

-pernode, --pernode

On each node, launch one process -- equivalent to -npernode 1.

To map processes to nodes:

-loadbalance, --loadbalance

Uniform distribution of ranks across all nodes. See more detailed description below.

-nolocal, --nolocal

Do not run any copies of the launched application on the same node as orterun is running. This option will override listing the localhost with --host or any other host-specifying mechanism.

-nooversubscribe, --nooversubscribe

Do not oversubscribe any nodes; error (without starting any processes) if the requested number of processes would cause oversubscription. This option implicitly sets "max_slots" equal to the "slots" value for each node.

-bynode, --bynode

Launch processes one per node, cycling by node in a round-robin fashion. This spreads processes evenly among nodes and assigns ranks in a round-robin, "by node" manner.

For process binding:

-bycore, --bycore

Associate processes with successive cores if used with one of the -bind-to-* options.

-bysocket, --bysocket

Associate processes with successive processor sockets if used with one of the -bind-to-* options.

-cpus-per-proc, --cpus-per-proc <#perproc>

Use the number of cores per process if used with one of the -bind-to-* options.

-cpus-per-rank, --cpus-per-rank <#perrank>

Alias for -cpus-per-proc.

-bind-to-core, --bind-to-core

Bind processes to cores.

-bind-to-socket, --bind-to-socket

Bind processes to processor sockets.

-bind-to-none, --bind-to-none

Do not bind processes. (Default.)

-report-bindings, --report-bindings

Report any bindings for launched processes.

-slot-list, --slot-list <slots>

List of processor IDs to be used for binding MPI processes. The specified bindings will be applied to all MPI processes. See explanation below for syntax.

For rankfiles:

-rf, --rankfile <rankfile>

Provide a rankfile file.

To manage standard I/O:

-output-filename, --output-filename <filename>

Redirect the stdout, stderr, and stddiag of all ranks to a rank-unique version of the specified filename. Any directories in the filename will automatically be created. Each output file will consist of filename.rank, where the rank will be left-filled with zero’s for correct ordering in listings.

-stdin, --stdin <rank>

The MPI rank that is to receive stdin. The default is to forward stdin to rank=0, but this option can be used to forward stdin to any rank. It is also acceptable to specify none, indicating that no ranks are to receive stdin.

-tag-output, --tag-output

Tag each line of output to stdout, stderr, and stddiag with [jobid, rank]<stdxxx> indicating the process jobid and rank that generated the output, and the channel which generated it.

-timestamp-output, --timestamp-output

Timestamp each line of output to stdout, stderr, and stddiag.

-xml, --xml

Provide all output to stdout, stderr, and stddiag in an xml format.

-xterm, --xterm <ranks>

Display the specified ranks in separate xterm windows. The ranks are specified as a comma-separated list of ranges, with a -1 indicating all. A separate window will be created for each specified rank. Note: In some environments, xterm may require that the executable be in the user’s path, or be specified in absolute or relative terms. Thus, it may be necessary to specify a local executable as "./foo" instead of just "foo". If xterm fails to find the executable, mpirun will hang, but still respond correctly to a ctrl-c. If this happens, please check that the executable is being specified correctly and try again.

To manage files and runtime environment:

-path, --path <path>

<path> that will be used when attempting to locate the requested executables. This is used prior to using the local PATH setting.

--prefix <dir>

Prefix directory that will be used to set the PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH on the remote node before invoking Open MPI or the target process. See the "Remote Execution" section, below.

--preload-binary

Copy the specified executable(s) to remote machines prior to starting remote processes. The executables will be copied to the Open MPI session directory and will be deleted upon completion of the job.

--preload-files <files>

Preload the comma separated list of files to the current working directory of the remote machines where processes will be launched prior to starting those processes.

--preload-files-dest-dir <path>

The destination directory to be used for preload-files, if other than the current working directory. By default, the absolute and relative paths provided by --preload-files are used.

--tmpdir <dir>

Set the root for the session directory tree for mpirun only.

-wd <dir>

Synonym for -wdir.

-wdir <dir>

Change to the directory <dir> before the user’s program executes. See the "Current Working Directory" section for notes on relative paths. Note: If the -wdir option appears both on the command line and in an application context, the context will take precedence over the command line.

-x <env>

Export the specified environment variables to the remote nodes before executing the program. Only one environment variable can be specified per -x option. Existing environment variables can be specified or new variable names specified with corresponding values. For example: % mpirun -x DISPLAY -x OFILE=/tmp/out ...

The parser for the -x option is not very sophisticated; it does not even understand quoted values. Users are advised to set variables in the environment, and then use -x to export (not define) them.

Setting MCA parameters:

-gmca, --gmca <key> <value>

Pass global MCA parameters that are applicable to all contexts. <key> is the parameter name; <value> is the parameter value.

-mca, --mca <key> <value>

Send arguments to various MCA modules. See the "MCA" section, below.

For debugging:

-debug, --debug

Invoke the user-level debugger indicated by the orte_base_user_debugger MCA parameter.

-debugger, --debugger

Sequence of debuggers to search for when --debug is used (i.e. a synonym for orte_base_user_debugger MCA parameter).

-tv, --tv

Launch processes under the TotalView debugger. Deprecated backwards compatibility flag. Synonym for --debug.

There are also other options:

-aborted, --aborted <#>

Set the maximum number of aborted processes to display.

--app <appfile>

Provide an appfile, ignoring all other command line options.

-cf, --cartofile <cartofile>

Provide a cartography file.

--hetero

Indicates that multiple app_contexts are being provided that are a mix of 32/64-bit binaries.

-leave-session-attached, --leave-session-attached

Do not detach OmpiRTE daemons used by this application. This allows error messages from the daemons as well as the underlying environment (e.g., when failing to launch a daemon) to be output.

-ompi-server, --ompi-server <uri or file>

Specify the URI of the Open MPI server, or the name of the file (specified as file:filename) that contains that info. The Open MPI server is used to support multi-application data exchange via the MPI-2 MPI_Publish_name and MPI_Lookup_name functions.

-wait-for-server, --wait-for-server

Pause mpirun before launching the job until ompi-server is detected. This is useful in scripts where ompi-server may be started in the background, followed immediately by an mpirun command that wishes to connect to it. Mpirun will pause until either the specified ompi-server is contacted or the server-wait-time is exceeded.

-server-wait-time, --server-wait-time <secs>

The max amount of time (in seconds) mpirun should wait for the ompi-server to start. The default is 10 seconds.

The following options are useful for developers; they are not generally useful to most ORTE and/or MPI users:

-d, --debug-devel

Enable debugging of the OmpiRTE (the run-time layer in Open MPI). This is not generally useful for most users.

--debug-daemons

Enable debugging of any OmpiRTE daemons used by this application.

--debug-daemons-file

Enable debugging of any OmpiRTE daemons used by this application, storing output in files.

-launch-agent, --launch-agent

Name of the executable that is to be used to start processes on the remote nodes. The default is "orted". This option can be used to test new daemon concepts, or to pass options back to the daemons without having mpirun itself see them. For example, specifying a launch agent of orted -mca odls_base_verbose 5 allows the developer to ask the orted for debugging output without clutter from mpirun itself.

--noprefix

Disable the automatic --prefix behavior

There may be other options listed with mpirun --help.

Description

If the application is multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD), comprising of multiple programs, the set of programs and argument can be specified in one of two ways: Extended Command Line Arguments, and Application Context.

An application context describes the MIMD program set including all arguments in a separate file. This file essentially contains multiple mpirun command lines, less the command name itself. The ability to specify different options for different instantiations of a program is another reason to use an application context.

Extended command line arguments allow for the description of the application layout on the command line using colons (:) to separate the specification of programs and arguments. Some options are globally set across all specified programs (e.g. --hostfile), while others are specific to a single program (e.g. -np).

Specifying Host Nodes

For example,

mpirun -H aa,aa,bb ./a.out

launches two processes on node aa and one on bb.

Or, consider the hostfile

% cat myhostfile
aa slots=2
bb slots=2
cc slots=2

Here, we list both the host names (aa, bb, and cc) but also how many "slots" there are for each. Slots indicate how many processes can potentially execute on a node. For best performance, the number of slots may be chosen to be the number of cores on the node or the number of processor sockets. If the hostfile does not provide slots information, a default of 1 is assumed. When running under resource managers (e.g., SLURM, Torque, etc.), Open MPI will obtain both the hostnames and the number of slots directly from the resource manger.

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile ./a.out

will launch two processes on each of the three nodes.

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -host aa ./a.out

will launch two processes, both on node aa.

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -host dd ./a.out

will find no hosts to run on and abort with an error. That is, the specified host dd is not in the specified hostfile.

Specifying Number of Processes

The number of processes launched can be specified as a multiple of the number of nodes or processor sockets available. For example,

mpirun -H aa,bb -npersocket 2 ./a.out

launches processes 0-3 on node aa and process 4-7 on node bb, where aa and bb are both dual-socket nodes. The -npersocket option also turns on the -bind-to-socket option, which is discussed in a later section.

mpirun -H aa,bb -npernode 2 ./a.out

launches processes 0-1 on node aa and processes 2-3 on node bb.

mpirun -H aa,bb -npernode 1 ./a.out

launches one process per host node.

mpirun -H aa,bb -pernode ./a.out

is the same as -npernode 1.

Another alternative is to specify the number of processes with the -np option. Consider now the hostfile

% cat myhostfile
aa slots=4
bb slots=4
cc slots=4

Now,

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -np 6 ./a.out

will launch ranks 0-3 on node aa and ranks 4-5 on node bb. The remaining slots in the hostfile will not be used since the -np option indicated that only 6 processes should be launched.

Mapping Processes to Nodes: Using Policies

Consider the same hostfile as above, again with -np 6:

node aa node bb node cc

mpirun 0 1 2 3 4 5

mpirun -loadbalance 0 1 2 3 4 5

mpirun -bynode 0 3 1 4 2 5

mpirun -nolocal 0 1 2 3 4 5

The -loadbalance option tries to spread processes out fairly among the nodes.

The -bynode option does likewise but numbers the processes in "by node" in a round-robin fashion.

The -nolocal option prevents any processes from being mapped onto the local host (in this case node aa). While mpirun typically consumes few system resources, -nolocal can be helpful for launching very large jobs where mpirun may actually need to use noticeable amounts of memory and/or processing time.

Just as -np can specify fewer processes than there are slots, it can also oversubscribe the slots. For example, with the same hostfile:

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -np 14 ./a.out

will launch processes 0-3 on node aa, 4-7 on bb, and 8-11 on cc. It will then add the remaining two processes to whichever nodes it chooses.

One can also specify limits to oversubscription. For example, with the same hostfile:

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -np 14 -nooversubscribe ./a.out

will produce an error since -nooversubscribe prevents oversubscription.

Limits to oversubscription can also be specified in the hostfile itself: % cat myhostfile
aa slots=4 max_slots=4
bb max_slots=4
cc slots=4

The max_slots field specifies such a limit. When it does, the slots value defaults to the limit. Now:

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile -np 14 ./a.out

causes the first 12 processes to be launched as before, but the remaining two processes will be forced onto node cc. The other two nodes are protected by the hostfile against oversubscription by this job.

Using the --nooversubscribe option can be helpful since Open MPI currently does not get "max_slots" values from the resource manager.

Of course, -np can also be used with the -H or -host option. For example,

mpirun -H aa,bb -np 8 ./a.out

launches 8 processes. Since only two hosts are specified, after the first two processes are mapped, one to aa and one to bb, the remaining processes oversubscribe the specified hosts.

And here is a MIMD example:

mpirun -H aa -np 1 hostname : -H bb,cc -np 2 uptime

will launch process 0 running hostname on node aa and processes 1 and 2 each running uptime on nodes bb and cc, respectively.

Mapping Processes to Nodes: Using Arbitrary Mappings

mpirun -hostfile myhostfile ./a.out

will launch three processes, on ranks aa, bb, and cc, respectively. The slot counts don’t matter; one process is launched per line on whatever node is listed on the line.

Another way to specify arbitrary mappings is with a rank file, which gives you detailed control over process binding as well. Rank files are discussed below.

Process Binding

To bind processes, one must first associate them with the resources on which they should run. For example, the -bycore option associates the processes on a node with successive cores. Or, -bysocket associates the processes with successive processor sockets, cycling through the sockets in a round-robin fashion if necessary. And -cpus-per-proc indicates how many cores to bind per process.

But, such association is meaningless unless the processes are actually bound to those resources. The binding option specifies the granularity of binding -- say, with -bind-to-core or -bind-to-socket. One can also turn binding off with -bind-to-none, which is typically the default.

Finally, -report-bindings can be used to report bindings.

As an example, consider a node with two processor sockets, each comprising four cores. We run mpirun with -np 4 -report-bindings and the following additional options:

% mpirun ... -bycore -bind-to-core
[...] ... binding child [...,0] to cpus 0001
[...] ... binding child [...,1] to cpus 0002
[...] ... binding child [...,2] to cpus 0004
[...] ... binding child [...,3] to cpus 0008

% mpirun ... -bysocket -bind-to-socket
[...] ... binding child [...,0] to socket 0 cpus 000f
[...] ... binding child [...,1] to socket 1 cpus 00f0
[...] ... binding child [...,2] to socket 0 cpus 000f
[...] ... binding child [...,3] to socket 1 cpus 00f0

% mpirun ... -cpus-per-proc 2 -bind-to-core
[...] ... binding child [...,0] to cpus 0003
[...] ... binding child [...,1] to cpus 000c
[...] ... binding child [...,2] to cpus 0030
[...] ... binding child [...,3] to cpus 00c0

% mpirun ... -bind-to-none

Here, -report-bindings shows the binding of each process as a mask. In the first case, the processes bind to successive cores as indicated by the masks 0001, 0002, 0004, and 0008. In the second case, processes bind to all cores on successive sockets as indicated by the masks 000f and 00f0. The processes cycle through the processor sockets in a round-robin fashion as many times as are needed. In the third case, the masks show us that 2 cores have been bind per process. In the fourth case, binding is turned off and no bindings are reported.

Open MPI’s support for process binding depends on the underlying operating system. Therefore, processing binding may not be available on every system.

Process binding can also be set with MCA parameters. Their usage is less convenient than that of mpirun options. On the other hand, MCA parameters can be set not only on the mpirun command line, but alternatively in a system or user mca-params.conf file or as environment variables, as described in the MCA section below. The correspondences are:

mpirun option MCA parameter key value

-bycore rmaps_base_schedule_policy core
-bysocket rmaps_base_schedule_policy socket
-bind-to-core orte_process_binding core
-bind-to-socket orte_process_binding socket
-bind-to-none orte_process_binding none

The orte_process_binding value can also take on the :if-avail attribute. This attribute means that processes will be bound only if this is supported on the underlying operating system. Without the attribute, if there is no such support, the binding request results in an error. For example, you could have

% cat $HOME/.openmpi/mca-params.conf
rmaps_base_schedule_policy = socket
orte_process_binding = socket:if-avail

Rankfiles

cat myrankfile
rank 0=aa slot=1:0-2
rank 1=bb slot=0:0,1
rank 2=cc slot=1-2
mpirun -H aa,bb,cc,dd -rf myrankfile ./a.out
So that

Rank 0 runs on node aa, bound to socket 1, cores 0-2.
Rank 1 runs on node bb, bound to socket 0, cores 0 and 1.
Rank 2 runs on node cc, bound to cores 1 and 2.

Application Context or Executable Program?

Locating Files

If a relative directory is specified, it must be relative to the initial working directory determined by the specific starter used. For example when using the rsh or ssh starters, the initial directory is $HOME by default. Other starters may set the initial directory to the current working directory from the invocation of mpirun.

Current Working Directory

If the -wdir option appears both in a context file and on the command line, the context file directory will override the command line value.

If the -wdir option is specified, Open MPI will attempt to change to the specified directory on all of the remote nodes. If this fails, mpirun will abort.

If the -wdir option is not specified, Open MPI will send the directory name where mpirun was invoked to each of the remote nodes. The remote nodes will try to change to that directory. If they are unable (e.g., if the directory does not exist on that node), then Open MPI will use the default directory determined by the starter.

All directory changing occurs before the user’s program is invoked; it does not wait until MPI_INIT is called.

Standard I/O

Open MPI directs UNIX standard output and error from remote nodes to the node that invoked mpirun and prints it on the standard output/error of mpirun. Local processes inherit the standard output/error of mpirun and transfer to it directly.

Thus it is possible to redirect standard I/O for Open MPI applications by using the typical shell redirection procedure on mpirun.

% mpirun -np 2 my_app < my_input > my_output

Note that in this example only the MPI_COMM_WORLD rank 0 process will receive the stream from my_input on stdin. The stdin on all the other nodes will be tied to /dev/null. However, the stdout from all nodes will be collected into the my_output file.

Signal Propagation

SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 signals received by orterun are propagated to all processes in the job.

One can turn on forwarding of SIGSTOP and SIGCONT to the program executed by mpirun by setting the MCA parameter orte_forward_job_control to 1. A SIGTSTOP signal to mpirun will then cause a SIGSTOP signal to be sent to all of the programs started by mpirun and likewise a SIGCONT signal to mpirun will cause a SIGCONT sent.

Other signals are not currently propagated by orterun.

Process Termination / Signal Handling

User signal handlers should probably avoid trying to cleanup MPI state (Open MPI is currently not async-signal-safe; see MPI_Init_thread(3) for details about MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE and thread safety). For example, if a segmentation fault occurs in MPI_SEND (perhaps because a bad buffer was passed in) and a user signal handler is invoked, if this user handler attempts to invoke MPI_FINALIZE, Bad Things could happen since Open MPI was already "in" MPI when the error occurred. Since mpirun will notice that the process died due to a signal, it is probably not necessary (and safest) for the user to only clean up non-MPI state.

Process Environment

See the "Remote Execution" section for more details.

Remote Execution

However, it is not always desirable or possible to edit shell startup files to set PATH and/or LD_LIBRARY_PATH. The --prefix option is provided for some simple configurations where this is not possible.

The --prefix option takes a single argument: the base directory on the remote node where Open MPI is installed. Open MPI will use this directory to set the remote PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH before executing any Open MPI or user applications. This allows running Open MPI jobs without having pre-configured the PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH on the remote nodes.

Open MPI adds the basename of the current node’s "bindir" (the directory where Open MPI’s executables are installed) to the prefix and uses that to set the PATH on the remote node. Similarly, Open MPI adds the basename of the current node’s "libdir" (the directory where Open MPI’s libraries are installed) to the prefix and uses that to set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH on the remote node. For example:

Local bindir:

/local/node/directory/bin

Local libdir:

/local/node/directory/lib64

If the following command line is used:

% mpirun --prefix /remote/node/directory

Open MPI will add "/remote/node/directory/bin" to the PATH and "/remote/node/directory/lib64" to the D_LIBRARY_PATH on the remote node before attempting to execute anything.

Note that --prefix can be set on a per-context basis, allowing for different values for different nodes.

The --prefix option is not sufficient if the installation paths on the remote node are different than the local node (e.g., if "/lib" is used on the local node, but "/lib64" is used on the remote node), or if the installation paths are something other than a subdirectory under a common prefix.

Note that executing mpirun via an absolute pathname is equivalent to specifying --prefix without the last subdirectory in the absolute pathname to mpirun. For example:

% /usr/local/bin/mpirun ...

is equivalent to

% mpirun --prefix /usr/local

Exported Environment Variables

Setting MCA Parameters

The -mca switch takes two arguments: <key> and <value>. The <key> argument generally specifies which MCA module will receive the value. For example, the <key> "btl" is used to select which BTL to be used for transporting MPI messages. The <value> argument is the value that is passed. For example:

mpirun -mca btl tcp,self -np 1 foo

Tells Open MPI to use the "tcp" and "self" BTLs, and to run a single copy of "foo" an allocated node.

mpirun -mca btl self -np 1 foo

Tells Open MPI to use the "self" BTL, and to run a single copy of "foo" an allocated node.

The -mca switch can be used multiple times to specify different <key> and/or <value> arguments. If the same <key> is specified more than once, the <value>s are concatenated with a comma (",") separating them.

Note that the -mca switch is simply a shortcut for setting environment variables. The same effect may be accomplished by setting corresponding environment variables before running mpirun. The form of the environment variables that Open MPI sets is:

OMPI_MCA_<key>=<value>

Thus, the -mca switch overrides any previously set environment variables. The -mca settings similarly override MCA parameters set in the $OPAL_PREFIX/etc/openmpi-mca-params.conf or $HOME/.openmpi/mca-params.conf file.

Unknown <key> arguments are still set as environment variable -- they are not checked (by mpirun) for correctness. Illegal or incorrect <value> arguments may or may not be reported -- it depends on the specific MCA module.

To find the available component types under the MCA architecture, or to find the available parameters for a specific component, use the ompi_info command. See the ompi_info(1) man page for detailed information on the command.

Examples

mpirun -np 4 -mca btl ib,tcp,self prog1

Run 4 copies of prog1 using the "ib", "tcp", and "self" BTL’s for the transport of MPI messages.

mpirun -np 4 -mca btl tcp,sm,self

--mca btl_tcp_if_include eth0 prog1
Run 4 copies of prog1 using the "tcp", "sm" and "self" BTLs for the transport of MPI messages, with TCP using only the eth0 interface to communicate. Note that other BTLs have similar if_include MCA parameters.

Return Value

See Also

Table of Contents

• Name
• Synopsis
• Quick Summary
• Options
• Description
• Specifying Host Nodes
• Specifying Number of Processes
• Mapping Processes to Nodes: Using Policies
• Mapping Processes to Nodes: Using Arbitrary Mappings
• Process Binding
• Rankfiles
• Application Context or Executable Program?
• Locating Files
• Current Working Directory
• Standard I/O
• Signal Propagation
• Process Termination / Signal Handling
• Process Environment
• Remote Execution
• Exported Environment Variables
• Setting MCA Parameters
• Examples
• Return Value
• See Also

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